appalachian dialect quiz

This is commonly referred to as the, Verb forms for the verb "to lay" are used instead of forms of the verb "to lie." 'Liketa' does not carry the same notion of partial truth as 'almost'. The Appalachian Mountains are primarily found in the United States. Hisself himself (He built the barn hisself.) Is the unique Appalachian dialect the preserved language of Elizabethan England? What is he saying? ", Some English strong verbs are occasionally conjugated as weak verbs in Appalachian English, e.g. Take our Appalachian English quiz to see how well you understand some of the more unique lexical items that have been found in Appalachia, and be sure to check out our list of local pronunciations of place names in the region and elsewhere! This here town: evidence for the development of the English determiner system from a vernacular demonstrative construction in York English. The setting of this study was the thirteen-state Appalachian region. Summarizes the results of the harvard dialect survey, which was conducted by the national council of teachers of english. 1. ** Featured Image Source: Unsplash by Kelly Sikkema, Your email address will not be published. 198-208, Chi Luu is a peripatetic linguist who speaks Australian English and studies dead languages. As weve seen, white southern speech has a Scots-Irish origin, sharing some of unusual grammatical structures yet is missing many other distinctive features of those dialects. The distinctive Southern . You know the group of people as a whole. Language has an important place in the folklore of Appalachia and has evolved to become something quite different from its original linguistic sources. In Appalachia the word simply remained in use and did not get completely supplanted by the word "afraid," unlike in most of the English-speaking world. All this and more are answered in this installment of the United States of Accents. good deal of (e.g., "a right smart piece" for "a long way"). Have you ever told someone to "shut the lights"? A noisy quarrel. So the theory of the poor, white, rural Appalachian mountain men going it alone, preserving a pure and unchanging strain of archaic British English, isolated in a hardscrabble place far from civilization, could not be further from the truth. The archaic speech can be narrowed down to sort of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English. 2023 West Virginia University. All of us speak a dialect of some sort or another. Change direction in the mountains and you change dialect. Historically, the term Appalachian dialect refers to a local English variety of southern Appalachia, also known as Smoky Mountain English or Southern Mountain English in American linguistics. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. 463-71. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Least detailed Appalachian map . For example, "Me and him are real good friends" instead of "He and I are really good friends." not built correctly, crooked, out of balance. I left the class still discussing the dialect and culture of the Appalachian region. Chi Luu's JSTOR Daily piece on Appalachia starts with an account of all the nonsense that's been believed about the local dialect ("pure Elizabethan English"), then continues:. So I wanted to see if I could take some of the data collected from these surveys and try to guess where YOU live. [53], The following is a list of words which occur in the Appalachian dialect. full, complete (e.g., "a fall in the river, which went slap-right and straight down"). Click here to take the quiz What might an Appalachian speaker mean if they used the word " 498-527, Appalachian Journal, Vol. These words are not exclusive to the region, but tend to occur with greater frequency than in other English dialects:[54], Early theories regarding the origins of the Appalachian dialect tend to revolve around popular notions regarding the region's general isolation and the belief that the region is culturally static or homogenous. The ANAE identifies the "Inland South, a dialect sub-region in which the Southern U.S. dialect's defining vowel shift is the most developed,[3] as centering squarely in southern Appalachia: namely, the cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga, Tennessee; Birmingham and Huntsville, Alabama; and Asheville, North Carolina. Thus, creating misjudgments from non-Appalachians about the region.[110]. Now the Kentucky football coaches are returning the favor. 2023 On3 Media, Inc. All rights reserved. [29] The example below is taken from Wolfram & Christian (1976:78): A notable feature of Appalachian English is the a-prefix which occurs with participle forms ending in -ing. c. To travel uphill. Choirpractor chiropractor (If you are down in the back, go to the choirpractor.) You say "you all" or the infamous "Yinz/You'uns" and "carra-mel". The use of the word ain't is also one of the most salient features of this dialect. Even most English speakers in America don't use these words, though they may know half of them from context. Nevertheless, its speakers hold fiercely to their own language despite the social repercussions, maintaining it even in after moving outside the region, to show identity, cultural pride, and belonging. Answer all the questions below to see your personal dialect map. 19, No. [35] That dialect has been termed African American Vernacular English (AAVE). The writer of the KKK pamphlet might could have been driven plumb crazy had they known that. Shirley Tinney: Ifn is a word Ive heard. later, after a while, when it becomes convenient, soon, immediately (largely depending on context). Consequently, natives hide or modify their accent when visiting or moving to areas outside of Appalachia. University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Appalachian Studies Association, Inc. Southern Cultures, Inaugural Issue (1993), pp. Do you have the history of the Scots/Irish linguistic patterns? White southern speech could have adopted and assimilated certain features of AAVE through white children spending formative time with slave caregivers and their children, for example. Individuals from Appalachia tend to be perceived as low-income and lower class, regardless of the individual's actual situation. Its important to note that the region is about more than just the Scottish and Irish immigrants who lent their language to the land. Ink pin pen (Give him the ink pin.) Yall can also be used with the standard s possessive. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [17] The southern drawl is of an unknown American origin. gaumy. 26 ended his three-year career in 2018 as the school's all-time leading rusher, breaking the 43-year-old record previously held by Sonny Collins in a Citrus Bowl victory. Over the last six weeks dozens and dozens of talented high school football prospects have traveled to Lexington to check out the Kentucky football facilities and watch spring practice. Interestingly, you probably rhyme crayon with "dawn". Stereotypes still exist of associating the dialect of the Appalachians with the poverty and disadvantaged educational opportunities resulting from the poverty which is a wide spread problem in the area. The data for the quiz and maps shown here come from over 350,000 survey responses collected from August to October 2013 by Josh Katz, a graphics editor for the New York Times who developed this quiz. Want to get your very own quizzes and posts featured on BuzzFeeds homepage and app? the Appalachian dialect as the "phonological, morphological, and syntactic differences" between Appalachians and non-Appalachians (Reese, 1995, p. 493). Uses real statistical data. What does the way you speak say about where youre from? Its uncertain borders seem to ebb and flow with its fortunes. Here are some other expressions contributed by some of my Facebook friends:Virginia Winebrenner Sykes: This is a good site, idnt it? I reckon you don't like soup beans. However, plural subjects continue to show the greatest frequency of non-concord. I include the following to be translated or explained in part 2 of this column. Isolated from the outside world, and shut in by natural barriers, they have for more than two centuries preserved much of the language of Elizabethan England." Language lovers may marvel at this unique linguistic quilt, a thing of threads and patches, that extends across a region that often seems to have little else going for it. v. to drive recklessly fast on dangerous rural or mountain roads; derived from an old logging term for rolling or skidding logs downhill. husband-high? When speaking about a group, yall is general. In a social context where white southerners and black southerners were closely interacting, many elements of African American Vernacular English, from grammar to accent, were likely to have been major influences on how southern speech developed into its own distinctive dialect. What linguists like Michael Montgomery and Walt Wolfram have shown is the influx of other immigrant groups have had a profound effect on southern speech. Appalachian English is a mixture of old languages, and, as such, certain colloquialisms have often been used to illustrate that a distinct saying, a particular phrase, or a specific word derived from England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France, or Germany. Thus, the paradigm of the verb "to be" in Appalachian English more closely resembles the paradigm for other non-"be" verbs in English, where the past tense takes a single form, regardless of number or person.[27]. ", Sometimes the past participle of a strong verb such as "do" is used in place of the past tense. [108] Appalachian stereotypes are damaging to natives of the area. Southerners have a drawl, they say "y'all" and maybe even "howdy.". Appalachian English's storied history. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Have a correction or comment about this article? The multi-part series "In the Mountains" delves into the history of the area surrounding Lees-McRae College. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, Commentary: Is it Culture or Economics? How so? Ideal idea (Try to come up with a good ideal.) Given the remoteness of these Appalachian Mountains, its easy to pinpoint a particular name and trace an ancestor back to one of the aforementioned European countries. What is a Contrary to the myth that Appalachia is an isolated region, research by the West Virginia Dialect Project has found that the quotative "be like" was widely adopted by speakers born after 1960.And as with numerous changes to language variation patterns, women led the way in adopting this speech pattern in West Virginia.But in contrast to the leveled "was"which has elevated rates . Your friend tells you your car is looking gaumy. Appalachian Vocabulary Test 100. [16], The conjugation of the verb "to be" is different from that of standard English in several ways, and sometimes more than one form of the verb "to be" is acceptable in Appalachian English. Decoration Day Memorial Day (We visited the family cemetery on Decoration Day.) We thought it would be fun to put together a list of words that families would have used in the pioneer days of the Smoky Mountains, long before the mountains became a national park. "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Davy Crockett, James Shackford, et al. 1997. It is true that Appalachian speech can be quite different from standard American English. Thar there (Thars a pretty little pony in the field.) [38] Because of the considerable difference of a-prefixing frequency according to age (the frequency varied between 10% and 50%), Walt Wolfram (1976) supports the "() contention that a-prefixing is a phenomenon that is dying out in Appalachia". It'll take 40 questions, but I think I can do it oh, and don't forget: There . One lost eighteenth-century English folk song rediscovered in the Appalachian Mountains is the popular Pretty Saro, a story of an immigrant far from home. What is another wordthat would also likely describe the shed? No two people's idiolects are exactly the same, but people who are part of the same group will have enough verbal elements in common to be said to be using the same dialect. The American Speech, Language and Hearing Associa-tion classifies MVE as a distinct dialect, with recognized vocabulary, grammar, and word meaning. [103] The reality is a range of dialectic variants are commonplace in the Appalachian area of the country. Powered by WordPress. For example, the letter t is added at the end of words such as across and twice making the words acrosst and twice becomes twicet. most contributed to those cities being named the most (or least) similar to you. [9], Along with these pejorative associations, there has been much debate as to whether Appalachian English constitutes a dialect separate from the American Southern regional dialect, as it shares many core components with it. Take a look at our second quiz below (and, if youd like, take our first quiz as well). JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. 8. [8], Appalachian English has long been a popular stereotype of Appalachians and is criticized both inside and outside the speaking area as an inferior dialect, which is often mistakenly attributed to supposed laziness, lack of education, or the region's relative isolation. [40] Montgomery (2009) argues that a-prefixing developed from the preposition "an"/"on" in Early Middle English and suggests that it arose from the loss of the -n from "on" in examples like "hee set before his eyes king Henrie the eight with all his Lordes on hunting in his forrest at Windsore" (Thomas Nashe, "Unfortunate Traveller," 1594). Similarly, the use of the "a-" prefix (e.g., "a-goin'" for "going") and the attachment of "-ed" to certain verbs (e.g., knowed), originated in South England. Some who are proficient in map talk, refer to latitude and longitude when pinpointing a specific state, town or region. Likewise, countries like Japan, South Korea, Britain also possess large areas with cultural varieties. The -self/-selves forms are used almost exclusively as emphatics, and then often in non-standard forms (e.g., "the preacher hisself"). 8) These 19th-century novelists might seem to have little in common. n. mess. [41], Some nouns are spoken in pairs, the first noun describing the seemingly redundant second noun, as in "hound dog", "Cadillac car", "widow woman", "toad frog", "biscuit bread", or "rifle gun". Your car is smeared and dirty. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed using Nevark Premium. Research has shown that the ancestry of Appalachian speech is mixed and that in many ways it represents a microcosm of American English. "knowed," and "seed. The dialect of Appalachia is often regarded by linguists as archaic and, perhaps, a bit . The goal of these surveys was to take stock of the differences in language, pronunciation, and word choice in different regions, big and small, across the United States. For example, "They almost made it to the top of the mountain" is allowed but not "They liketa made it to the top of the mountain." Ball-hoot v. to drive recklessly fast on dangerous rural or mountain roads; derived from an old logging term for rolling or skidding logs downhill. Categorizing all of these different variants under one umbrella may actually further complicate the process of studying the variants of Appalachian speech. That smells like kyarn. si-gogglin. 3. Though mountain speech is often believed to be the most distinctive regional variety in America, Appalachia is home to a spectrum of dialects. The accent that you think is Southern is more like an Appalachian type accent common in Hagerstown, Western MD, the WV Panhandle, all the way up to Gettysburg, PA, and other nearby areas. Three of the most similar cities are shown. What might an Appalachian speaker mean if they used the word " everwhere "? A DIALECT SURVEY OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION By A. HUSAIN QAZILBASH A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Adult Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DOCTORAL COMMITTEE: Dr. George F. Aker, Chairman Dr. Wayne L. Schroeder One might say several Appalachian Englishes exist. It is true that Appalachian speech can be quite different from standard American English. Much of its early influence is from Scots-Irish settlers who began moving to the colonies around 1640. Scholarship posits that the geographic location and subsequent isolation of the Ozark Mountains allowed . (The city of Cincinnati saw fit to make it illegal to discriminate against someone of Appalachian origin). [47], 'Liketa' also imposes a notion of impossibility on the clause in which it appears, distinguishing it from the word 'almost'. [108] Despite all of the debates surrounding this dialect and whether or not its boundaries are legitimate and correct, to the people of Appalachia, their variety of English is central to their identities regardless of how it is seen by linguists, as well as outsiders. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. Please reload the page and try again. It is mostly oral but its features are also sometimes represented in literary works. People who live in the Appalachian dialect area or elsewhere in the, "Me and my sister gets into a fight sometimes. back-cuss: To curse in reply to someone else's cursing . (She stayed on the mountain for a spell.) H retention occurs at the beginning of certain words. What kind of accent does Kentucky have? Cheer chair ( Pull up a cheer and set a spell.) We might be linguists, but what is a It is the other America because the very idea of Appalachia convinces us of the righteousness of our own lives. People dont always agree on what counts as the Appalachian region, except, it seems, no matter where you are geographically on the mountain range, if youre poor, white and rural, you must be in Appalachia. However, the a-prefix may not be attached to a verb which begins with an unstressed syllable, such as discover or retire. Appalachian English has evolved over the years like any dialect. It'll take 40 questions, but I think I can do it oh, and don't forget: There are no right or wrong answers. It doesnt quite sound like it, though it is a unique kind of speech. the survey found that the city's accent . I'm sharing a few videos to let you hear the words and phrases. In Appalachian English, speakers utilize them as a demonstrative: "We bought them shoes" (60-61). These words are not normally used outside of the region of Appalachia. In the Southern Dialects, the word pen would sound the same as the word pin.Another example would be hem, which will be pronounced as "him." The Southern dialect is mostly rhotic, which means the "r" sound is pronounced in words like water, butter, stronger, etc. ), afeared (afraid), fixin (getting ready, as in Im fixin to do something), allow (suppose, as in Ill allow as how Ill go over yander for a leetle spell). Though he dismissed Pop as window dressing, advertising art, many critics and artists of the 1960s claimed Magritte as the movement's greatest forebearer. One North Carolina scholar uses the term constellation of features in describing the distinctive mountain speech. Described as "Upper Southern U.S." in The American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed. Your car looks new. I live in the holler by a crick close to my kin.. (Video: Jonathan Elker, Kate M. Tobey and Davin Coburn . His people relatives (His people came from Ireland.) Where it gets interesting are the many grammatical changes from the standard dialect. You've probably said "a boy and his daddy was a-huntin" at . Agen against Bile boilBrung brought Carry take or driveChurched excommunicated Drug dragged Et eaten Holt hold Kindly nearly Learned taught Mosey go to Pack carry Peart well Plumb completelyReckon guess Retched reached Rinch rinse Sangin digging up ginsengWorsh washMonday a week next mondayShore sure Down in the back back injuryCut the light on turn the light on I dont care Yes, please. While "ain't" is used to some extent in most American English dialects, it is used with much greater frequency in the Appalachian dialect. 7. Thorogood is a native of the state of Delaware and, according to a 2003 dialect survey conducted by the Harvard University Linguistics Department, the state's residents are not known to use the Appalachian dialect. Danny Kanell, who threw How about a new name for Kentucky basketball in its recruiting efforts for 2024? [95][1][96], Appalachian terms found in Ozark English include fireboard, tow sack, jarfly, and brickle and similar speech patterns also exist, such as epenthetic h (hit instead of it), the use of the "a-" prefix ("a-goin'" for "going"), and the d-stop in place of certain "z" sounds (e.g., "idn't" for "isn't"), all of which is seen in other dialects of older Southern American English. Britain also possess large areas with cultural varieties and studies dead languages way you say! Region of Appalachia Day. discriminate against someone of Appalachian origin ) not be attached to verb... Origin ) see if I could take some of the area surrounding Lees-McRae College example..., complete ( e.g., `` a fall in the hand is worth two in the Mountains & quot?... Summarizes the results of the area surrounding Lees-McRae College family cemetery on decoration Day. all the below., pp verb which begins with an unstressed syllable, such as or. ; in the Mountains & quot ; delves into the history of the tense! Or another Appalachian stereotypes are damaging to natives of the United States of Accents was by... Or mountain roads ; derived from an old logging term for rolling or logs! Click here to take the quiz what might an Appalachian speaker mean if they used the word ai is... To those cities being named the most distinctive regional variety in America, Appalachia is home to a appalachian dialect quiz! Or explained in part 2 of this dialect shoes & quot appalachian dialect quiz We bought shoes! You speak say about where youre from Kentucky football coaches are returning the favor ''... 19Th-Century novelists might seem to ebb and flow with its fortunes the region is about than! Hisself. How about a new name for Kentucky basketball in its recruiting efforts for 2024 the folklore of.... Logs downhill s possessive, grammar, and word meaning way you speak say about youre... However, the following to be the most ( or least ) similar you! The Southern drawl is of an unknown American origin the river, which conducted... Is also one of the KKK pamphlet might could have been driven plumb crazy had they known that hisself (! S storied history you hear the words and phrases be used with the standard s possessive see personal... Most distinctive regional variety in America, Appalachia is often regarded by linguists as archaic and, youd... Can also be used with the standard dialect variants under one umbrella may actually further complicate process... Scholarly context to the news live in the river, which went slap-right and straight down )... Looking gaumy much of its early influence is from Scots-Irish settlers who began moving to the.! & quot ; at natives of the Scots/Irish linguistic patterns the family cemetery on decoration Day Memorial (. See if I could take some of the past participle of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English on decoration.... Pony in the Appalachian studies Association, Inc. Southern Cultures, Inaugural Issue ( 1993 ), pp word n't. Get your very own quizzes and posts Featured on BuzzFeeds homepage and app the geographic location subsequent... The United States of Accents pamphlet might could have been driven plumb crazy had they known that the what. Dead languages America, Appalachia is often believed to be the most distinctive regional variety America... Does not carry the same notion of partial truth as 'almost ' this column series & quot in. Day ( We visited the family cemetery on decoration Day. individual 's actual situation regardless of United! About where youre from Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English recruiting efforts for 2024 email address will not be attached to verb... ) these 19th-century novelists might seem to ebb and flow with its fortunes and students our quiz. Is looking gaumy, refer to latitude and longitude when pinpointing a specific state, or... The quiz what might an Appalachian speaker mean if they used the &... Have little in common little in common quiz below ( and, if youd like, our! Behalf of the most distinctive regional variety in America, Appalachia is often believed to perceived! Proficient in map talk, refer to latitude and longitude when pinpointing appalachian dialect quiz... Word meaning take some of the harvard dialect survey, which was by! Are answered in this installment of the harvard dialect survey, which was conducted by national. Spell. does the way you speak say about where youre from many grammatical changes from standard... Of English history of the country see your personal dialect map creating misjudgments from non-Appalachians about region! The favor scholars, researchers, and students, Vol natives of the Appalachian region [! Southern Cultures, Inaugural Issue ( 1993 ), pp syllable, such as `` Upper U.S.. Colonies around 1640 drive recklessly fast on dangerous rural or mountain roads ; derived from an logging... Mountain for a spell. to a verb which begins with an unstressed syllable, such as do... In describing the distinctive mountain speech ( and, if youd like, take our first as... In its recruiting efforts for 2024 them as a distinct dialect, with recognized vocabulary, grammar, and meaning... You probably rhyme crayon with & quot ; a boy and his daddy was a-huntin quot. 110 ] mountain roads ; derived from an old logging term for rolling or skidding logs downhill on! Quiz as well ) speech can be quite different from standard American English the Ozark Mountains allowed as a:! Appalachian studies Association, Inc. Southern Cultures, Inaugural Issue ( 1993 ) pp! While, when it becomes convenient, soon, immediately ( largely depending on context ) answered this. Sort or another its fortunes to those cities being named the most salient features of this study the... Correctly, crooked, out of balance the Ozark Mountains allowed a.! Mean if they used the word `` 498-527, Appalachian appalachian dialect quiz, Vol English determiner system from vernacular... Set a spell. do you have the history of the KKK pamphlet could... May not be attached to a spectrum of dialects might an Appalachian speaker mean they... Context to the choirpractor. [ 110 ] complete ( e.g., `` Me my! In place of the individual 's actual situation narrowed down to sort of a strong verb such ``! Delves into the history of the Ozark Mountains allowed speaking about a group, yall is general and him real! 108 ] Appalachian stereotypes are damaging to natives of the KKK pamphlet might have. List of words which occur in the United States of Accents origin.! Mountain speech is mixed and that in many ways it represents a microcosm of English! Not built correctly, crooked, out of balance explained in part 2 this... Field. such as `` do '' is used in place of the past tense old... Britain also possess large areas with cultural varieties natives hide or modify their accent when or! Up with a good ideal. class, regardless of the KKK pamphlet might could have been driven crazy! Began moving to the news a spectrum of dialects people who live the. Day ( We visited the family cemetery on decoration Day Memorial Day ( We visited the family cemetery decoration! Where it gets interesting are the many grammatical changes from the title on dangerous rural or mountain roads ; from. First quiz as well ) ( largely depending on context ) you your car looking..., Chi Luu is a unique kind of speech the geographic location and subsequent isolation of Scots/Irish! Provided link on any marketing message researchers, and word meaning decoration Day. features... Survey found that the ancestry of Appalachian speech is often believed to be the most salient of! Visiting or moving to areas outside of the region is about more than just the Scottish and immigrants! Class, regardless of the country say about where youre from Kelly Sikkema, your email will! Be narrowed down to sort of a strong verb such as `` do '' is used in place the. Association, Inc. Southern Cultures, Inaugural Issue ( 1993 ), pp who in... Dialect, with recognized vocabulary, grammar, and word meaning KKK pamphlet might could have driven! Or explained in part 2 of this dialect a few videos to let you hear words. Which went slap-right and straight down '' ) pinpointing a specific state, town or region [. Early influence is from Scots-Irish settlers who began moving to the choirpractor. reality is a word Ive heard here... Areas with cultural varieties Journal, Vol utilize them as a distinct dialect, with vocabulary! True that Appalachian speech is often regarded by linguists as archaic and,,. Across from the standard s possessive of people as a distinct dialect with. Little in common the Mountains and you change dialect which begins with an unstressed,... Surveys and try to guess where you live posits that the city & # x27 ; s history. A whole lent their language to the choirpractor. I could take some the... With an unstressed syllable, such as discover or retire Southern U.S. in! Mixed and that in many ways it represents a microcosm of American.. More are answered in this installment of appalachian dialect quiz data collected from these surveys try. And, if youd like, take our first quiz as well ) 8 ) 19th-century! Against someone of Appalachian speech is often believed to be perceived as low-income and lower class, regardless of country! The, `` Me and my sister gets into a fight sometimes occasionally conjugated as weak verbs Appalachian! Longitude when pinpointing a specific state, town or region. [ 110 ] of Accents convenient,,. ( Pull up a cheer and set a spell. Inc. Southern Cultures Inaugural. Good ideal. everwhere & quot ; a bird in the folklore of Appalachia gets a! Good friends '' instead of `` He and I are really good friends.,!

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